Chimpanzees are able to recognise other individuals based on their bodies (e.g. The bodies of other individuals are important social cues. Chimpanzees, for example, use their bodies to forage for food, manipulate tools, and perform other daily activities. Bodies are directly related to performing and understanding others’ physical activities. They are the basis of embodied recognition and self-recognition, enabling the individual to distinguish between self and others. Bodies are the direct agents with which animals explore and interact with the environment. īodies, while obviously different from faces, are also very important in animals’ lives. Researchers have hypothesized that configural processing might have evolved to let animals detect social cues according to a pre-set template, allowing such cues to be processed more quickly, for faces and other targets that require expertise to deal with. Also, the parts of these objects, including faces, have the same arrangements, which are called first-order relations their variations from a standard sample are called second-order relations. Diamond and Carey proposed that humans use configural processing to the objects that they have expertise with. These findings suggest that faces are special to humans and some non-human animals compared to other objects. the fusiform face area in the lateral fusiform gyrus) more than other objects do, and the inversion of faces affects this activation. In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, face stimuli activate certain brain areas (e.g. Studies using event-related potentials (ERPs) have found that the N170 is larger for faces than other objects, and that inverted faces cause delayed and amplified N170 compared to upright faces, while other objects do not have this effect. This type of processing is different from the way used to process other objects, featural processing, where no inversion effect is shown (e.g. This is called the inversion effect, and it has been regarded as a solid index for configural processing (reviewed in ). The performance of face recognition decreases significantly when faces are inverted compared to when they are shown upright. Previous studies have reported the inversion effect for faces widely, in humans (e.g. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.īoth faces and bodies provide important social cues for animals. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All data are available in the manuscript or in the supporting materials.įunding: This study was supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT URL: )/Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS URL: ) KAKENHI (23220006, 24000001, 15H05709, 16H06283, and 18J21474), JSPS-LGP-U04, JSPS Core-to-Core CCSN, National Bio Resource Project-Great Ape Information Network (NBRP-GAIN URL: ), and MEXT Scholarship (#152121). Received: JanuAccepted: SeptemPublished: October 3, 2018Ĭopyright: © 2018 Gao, Tomonaga. PLoS ONE 13(10):Įditor: Elsa Addessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ITALY The results also revealed the functions of faces and body contours in configural processing by chimpanzees.Ĭitation: Gao J, Tomonaga M (2018) The body inversion effect in chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes). The results show that chimpanzees share configural body processing with humans and that bodies are special to them compared with other objects. Our results reflected the body inversion effect for intact chimpanzee bodies, bodies with complete body contours, and bodies with clear faces but not for the objects and other conditions that did not present complete body contours and clear faces. We tested seven chimpanzees using upright and inverted chimpanzee body stimuli and other stimuli in matching-to-sample tasks to examine the body inversion effect and the body parts that invoke it. However, it is not known if this type of body processing exists in non-human primates. This inversion effect suggests the configural processing of bodies, which is different from the processing used for other objects. Body recognition in humans is deteriorated by inversion. Bodies are important social cues for animals.
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